Coast FIRE: The Strategy That Lets You Stop Saving for Retirement
Coast FIRE is the point where an existing retirement portfolio may grow to a target without further contributions, based on the return and inflation assumptions used.
Net Worth: How to Measure Financial Progress
Learn how to calculate net worth without double-counting property, interpret age-based benchmarks cautiously, and identify practical ways to improve assets and liabilities.
What is net worth and why does it matter more than income?
Net worth is the single most complete picture of your financial health:
Net Worth = Total Assets − Total Liabilities
It answers the question that income cannot: not "how much do you earn?" but "how much do you actually have?"
Two people can earn identical salaries and have radically different net worths. Person A earns $90,000, saves and invests aggressively, drives a paid-off car, and has a $350,000 net worth at age 35. Person B earns $90,000, carries $30,000 in credit card debt, leases a luxury car, and has a net worth of -$15,000 at the same age.
Same income. A $365,000 difference in financial reality. Net worth captures what income conceals.
For FIRE planning, net worth is especially critical because your FIRE number is a net worth target — specifically, the investable portion of your net worth. Tracking it monthly keeps you accountable and connected to progress.
How to calculate your net worth accurately
Step 1: List all assets
Liquid assets (easiest to count): - Checking account balance - Savings account balance - Money market accounts - Cash
Investment assets: - Brokerage account value (stocks, ETFs, mutual funds) - 401k/403b balance - IRA/Roth IRA balance - HSA (Health Savings Account) balance - Pension present value (if applicable) - Cryptocurrency (at current market value)
Real estate assets: - Primary home at current market value - Rental property at current market value
List the related mortgage or property loan once under liabilities below. Using full property value here and the loan balance there avoids subtracting the same debt twice.
Other assets: - Vehicle(s) at current market value (use KBB or similar) - Business ownership stake (use conservative valuation) - Life insurance cash value (not face value)
Step 2: List all liabilities
- Mortgage balance (remaining principal)
- Home equity loan or HELOC balance
- Car loan balance(s)
- Student loan balance(s)
- Credit card balances
- Personal loan balances
- Medical debt
- Any other money owed
Step 3: Subtract
Assets minus liabilities = your net worth.
Use our Net Worth Calculator to enter everything at once and see the result instantly.
What to exclude
Personal property: Furniture, electronics, clothing, jewelry (unless extremely valuable). These items depreciate rapidly, are difficult to value accurately, and are rarely liquid.
Future income: Your future salary, Social Security benefits, or inheritance are not current assets. Don't include them in net worth calculations.
Estimated tax on retirement accounts: A traditional 401(k) balance is normally recorded at its current account value. A separate after-tax estimate may be useful, but it depends on future withdrawals, deductions, federal and local tax rules, and marginal rates. Do not apply today's top marginal rate to the entire balance as if it were a known future tax bill.
Net worth benchmarks by age
These are illustrative editorial benchmarks using a "multiple of income" approach. They are not official thresholds or a measure of whether a household is financially secure:
| Age | Minimum | Good | FIRE-Track |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 0.25× income | 0.5× income | 1× income |
| 30 | 0.5× income | 1× income | 2× income |
| 35 | 1× income | 2× income | 3-4× income |
| 40 | 2× income | 3× income | 5-6× income |
| 45 | 3× income | 4-5× income | 7-9× income |
| 50 | 4× income | 6× income | 10-12× income |
| 55 | 5× income | 7-8× income | 14-17× income |
| 60 | 7× income | 10× income | 20-25× income |
Example: A 35-year-old earning $70,000/year: - Minimum: $70,000 net worth - Good: $140,000 net worth - FIRE-track: $210,000-280,000 net worth
These are guidelines, not rules. Your trajectory matters more than hitting a specific number at a specific age.
Median US net worth by age (Federal Reserve data)
For context, the Federal Reserve's 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances reports the following estimates for U.S. families, grouped by the age of the reference person and expressed in 2022 dollars:
| Age group | Median Net Worth | Mean Net Worth |
|---|---|---|
| Under 35 | $39,000 | $183,000 |
| 35-44 | $135,000 | $549,000 |
| 45-54 | $247,000 | $975,000 |
| 55-64 | $364,000 | $1,566,000 |
| 65-74 | $410,000 | $1,795,000 |
The gap between median and mean reflects the uneven distribution of family wealth. See the Federal Reserve's 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances report. These survey estimates are not personal targets.
If you're reading about FIRE and actively tracking net worth, you're likely to significantly outperform these medians — which is achievable with consistent saving and investing.
The most effective strategies to grow net worth
1. Maximize the gap between income and expenses
Net worth grows when you consistently spend less than you earn and invest the difference. This sounds obvious but is surprisingly rare in practice — the average American savings rate hovers around 4-6%.
Increasing your savings rate from 10% to 30% doesn't just triple your monthly savings — it also dramatically reduces your FIRE number (lower expenses = lower retirement target), creating a compounding acceleration effect.
2. Attack high-interest debt first
Paying down high-interest debt avoids future interest under the loan's terms. That saving is more predictable than an investment return, although fees, tax treatment, liquidity, and the exact payoff amount can affect the comparison.
Priority order for debt payoff: 1. Credit card debt (typically 15-25% interest) 2. Personal loans (typically 8-15%) 3. Student loans (varies widely, 4-8% common) 4. Car loans (typically 5-8%) 5. Mortgage (typically 3-7%, may not need acceleration)
Once high-interest debt is eliminated, redirect those payments to investments.
3. Build tax-advantaged accounts first
Tax-advantaged accounts grow net worth faster than taxable accounts because taxes compound against you just as returns compound for you.
Order of operations: 1. 401k employer match (free 50-100% return) 2. HSA contribution, if eligible ($4,400 self-only / $8,750 family in 2026) 3. IRA contribution, if eligible ($7,500 combined Traditional and Roth limit in 2026) 4. 401(k) employee deferral, if available ($24,500 in 2026) 5. Taxable brokerage
For current U.S. limits and eligibility rules, see the IRS 2026 retirement-plan announcement and IRS 2026 HSA limits. A fixed annual contribution projected at 7% requires an explicit contribution date; real returns vary, and Roth earnings are tax-free only in qualified distributions.
4. Invest consistently regardless of market conditions
Dollar-cost averaging — investing a fixed amount monthly regardless of market prices — removes timing decisions and ensures you automatically buy more shares when prices are low.
Studies consistently show that trying to time the market (buy low, sell high) underperforms simply investing consistently and staying invested through downturns.
5. Avoid lifestyle inflation as income grows
The most common wealth-building failure: spending rises proportionally with income, leaving the savings rate unchanged regardless of earnings.
A practical rule: when you receive a raise or income increase, automatically direct 50-75% of it to investments before it reaches your spending. Let lifestyle improve slowly while wealth builds rapidly.
6. Track net worth monthly
What gets measured gets managed. Monthly tracking takes 15-30 minutes, provides accountability, and reveals the compound effect of consistent saving — which is motivating over time.
A simple spreadsheet with monthly net worth entries creates a visual record of progress that makes temporary market downturns easier to tolerate in context.
Investable net worth vs total net worth
For FIRE planning specifically, the relevant number is investable net worth — liquid assets that can generate investment returns.
Total net worth includes: Home equity, vehicle value, personal property value.
Investable net worth includes: Cash, brokerage accounts, retirement accounts, REITs and other liquid investments.
Example: - Total net worth: $450,000 (includes $180,000 home equity and $20,000 in vehicles) - Investable net worth: $250,000
Your FIRE number comparison should use investable net worth, not total net worth. You can't pay bills with home equity unless you sell the house.
Net worth milestones worth celebrating
Progress is easier to sustain when you recognize meaningful milestones:
$0 net worth — You're no longer underwater. Every dollar from here builds wealth. $10,000 — First meaningful emergency fund and investment base established. $50,000 — Compound interest starts doing meaningful work. $100,000 — The famous first milestone; compound growth accelerates significantly. $250,000 — Portfolio generates approximately $17,500/year at 7% returns. $500,000 — Halfway to a typical FIRE number; generates ~$35,000/year. $1,000,000 — A traditional "millionaire" milestone. A 7% return assumption would equal $70,000 in one year, but actual returns vary and are not the same as a sustainable withdrawal amount. Your FIRE number — Financial independence achieved.
Frequently asked questions
Should I include my car in net worth? Yes, at current market value (not purchase price). Use Kelley Blue Book or similar to get an accurate estimate. Most cars depreciate rapidly, so this number may be lower than you expect.
How often should I calculate my net worth? Monthly is ideal — frequent enough to track progress, infrequent enough that short-term market fluctuations don't cause anxiety. Set a recurring calendar reminder for the first of each month.
Is a negative net worth normal? Very common, especially for younger people with student loans or mortgages. The key is trajectory — if your net worth is growing each month (even from -$50,000 toward -$30,000), you're making progress.
Does my 401k count toward net worth? Yes. Include your current 401k balance at its nominal value. Some financial planners adjust for estimated future taxes (for traditional pre-tax accounts), but the nominal value is the standard approach for net worth tracking.
What's more important: high income or high net worth? High net worth is the goal. High income is a tool to achieve it. A high income with high spending builds no net worth. A moderate income with high savings rate builds significant net worth. Focus on what you keep, not just what you earn.
Should I include my home in net worth? Include home equity (market value minus mortgage balance), but recognize it's not liquid or investable without selling. For FIRE planning, calculate both total net worth (including home equity) and investable net worth (excluding it) to understand your actual retirement readiness.